Revealed: How Baku’s Transformation From ‘Black City’ to Green Pioneer is Shocking the World | Cop29

The Evolution of Baku: From ‘Black City’ to ‘White City’

Just a stone’s throw from where the next UN climate conference will be held, Baku, Azerbaijan, tells a tale of stark contrasts. Historically known as ‘Black City’ due to the soot-covered buildings from its booming oil industry, Baku has undergone a remarkable transformation. Once characterized by grime and pollution, today’s Baku shines as the ‘White City’.

In the 1840s, the city saw its first oil wells, and by the 1850s, refineries were sprouting. The Nobel brothers significantly contributed to this burgeoning industry, with Alfred Nobel using some of his profits to establish the Nobel Prize. Baku’s oil was instrumental in the Soviet Union’s efforts during World War II, supplying the eastern front.

Despite the modernization, the relics of the old oil industry remain. Nodding piston pumps and flaring refineries are still part of Baku’s landscape. Today, fossil fuels account for 90% of Azerbaijan’s exports, making it one of the most oil-and-gas-dependent nations globally.

However, efforts to cleanse the city have paid off. The once blackened buildings have been replaced by gleaming beige facades, reminiscent of a 19th-century European city. This rapid transformation is evident in the stark contrast between the newly renovated streets and those still awaiting a makeover.

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Azerbaijan’s Ambitious Green Transition

Under President Ilham Aliyev’s guidance, Azerbaijan aims to drastically shift its energy sector. The President has declared the nation “in the active phase of green transition,” with ambitious plans to increase renewable energy generation to 30% by 2030, up from the current 7%.

This transition includes massive investments in solar farms near Baku and a proposed interconnector to export low-carbon energy to Europe. The government’s efforts symbolize a significant shift from its fossil-fuel-heavy past.

However, the journey is not without challenges. Azerbaijan’s economy is heavily reliant on oil and gas, making the transition arduous. To achieve its green targets, the country must navigate intricate economic and social landscapes.

Key components of Azerbaijan’s green strategy include:

• Construction of vast solar farms near Baku.
• Establishment of an interconnector to export low-carbon power to Europe.
• Setting a target to generate 30% of electricity from renewable sources by 2030.

These initiatives highlight Azerbaijan’s commitment to a sustainable future.

International Climate Diplomacy and Challenges

Hosting a climate conference is not new for oil-producing nations. Azerbaijan follows in the footsteps of countries like the UAE, UK, and Brazil, which have balanced fossil fuel production with climate commitments. Critics argue that the cognitive dissonance of promoting fossil fuels while pledging climate action undermines global efforts.

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Despite these criticisms, Azerbaijan’s Cop29 representatives stress the importance of collaboration. UN high-level champion Nigar Arpadarai noted, “Progress on the climate crisis would be impossible without engaging oil and gas countries.”

While some accuse Azerbaijan of ‘oil-shaming’ avoidance, the nation maintains that its history and economic foundation are inseparable from fossil fuels. Officials argue that isolating oil-rich nations is counterproductive and emphasize the need for global solidarity.

Laurie van den Burg of Oil Change International calls for genuine engagement with climate challenges, pointing out the contradiction in expanding fossil fuel infrastructure while aiming for the 1.5C climate target. Without addressing this, the credibility of international climate diplomacy is at risk.

The Road Ahead: Sustainable Development and Economic Resilience

Azerbaijan’s shift away from fossil fuels requires a monumental effort. The bustling traffic in central Baku, filled with modern cars and luxury apartments, reflects the country’s economic prosperity. Transitioning to a green economy while maintaining this prosperity is a delicate balance.

The government’s vision includes not just renewable energy but a broader economic diversification. By investing in sectors like tourism and international trade, Azerbaijan aims to reduce its dependence on oil and gas.

Despite the challenges, there are signs of progress. Proposals like the voluntary climate fund for developing nations highlight Azerbaijan’s commitment to global climate leadership. However, the effectiveness of such initiatives will depend on international cooperation and funding.

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Ultimately, Azerbaijan’s success in hosting Cop29 and achieving its green transition will require more than superficial changes. Transforming a petrostate into a sustainable economy is a formidable task, but with determination and global support, it is an achievable goal.